Methanol (Wood Alcohol)

      
Reflection:

         Methanol was discovered in 1661 by Robert Boyle whom is a Irish chemists. He found that it is a byproduct of the distillation of wood. People called it wood alcohol because it came from wood. In the 1920's was when methanol(wood alcohol) really killed people. Prohibition was taking place in the 20's and people were disparate for a drink, so they would distilled wood to get the alcohol out of it. At first no one new how bad methanol really was. 10mL of wood alcohol can cause permeate blindness and even deafness. This happens because when the methanol breaks down in the stomach and formic acid is created. The formic acid destroys the optic nerves. At 30mL it can be potentially fatal, and 100mL is death by respiratory failure. Methanol is a colorless liquid that smelled very similar to drinking alcohol. It's also very flammable. Methanol is always around us, it's in fruits and vegetables, cigarette smoke, alcohol, and in some fuels for cars. The reason why we do not die when we drinking drinking alcohol, such as wine, beer, cocktails, etc. is because the methanol is in the from of ethanol. Our body can take out ethanol much easier with out forming formic acid. The reason for this is because ethanol is made differently then methanol. Methanol is made from distilling wood and ethanol is made from the chemical break down of foods in a factory.
The reason why I chose this chemical to do my project on was because I was fascinated that people would drink this and they didn't even care that it might kill them. More people died from prohibition then when it wasn't in affect. The government thought prohibition would decrease the criminal crime and deaths, but it really brought it up. It amazed me how the government thought taking away alcohol would help, when it really didn't. If I were to do this project again I would chose a different chemical. I chose this chemical because I couldn't remember the name of the one I wanted to do. I also would wright a made up story of a person who loved drinking and how prohibition effected him. If I were to extend this project I would make a video/news report story of one of the first people who died after prohibition. The reason why I would chose to do a new report is because when people first started dyeing after prohibition people were confused on how all of these people were dying.

Tie Dye Lab

      Dyes are substances applied in aqueous based solution that is put into fabric to give it color. Dyes are different from pigment because pigments are usually insoluble. Some dyes fade after time because they are not chemically attached to the molecules of the fabric. Dye molecules are all differently unique. The light is absorbed in different ways because they are shaped differently. The result of the color in the dye is different. Usually a third molecule is added to the dye because it helps the dye bond to the fabric. It does this because the added molecule bonds to the molecule of the fabric. There are many different types of dyes. There is synthetic dyes acid dyes, mordant dyes, basic dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes, and sulfur dyes. Synthetics dyes have many different varieties. These are more popular than natural dyes because of the wide range of colors that comes out of it and they are also cheaper and better than natural ones. Acid dyes are highly reactive soluble dyes that are used to color silk, wool and nylon fabrics. Mordant dyes are resistant to water, light and perspiration. This is usually used for wool.  Basic dyes are used with acetic acid to dye acrylic fabrics. Vat dyes are easily applied into fabric because it's not soluble in water and it needs to be compressed in alkaline liquor to get water soluble. Disperse dyes is available as a paste or power, it is used to dye polyester fabrics. Sulfur dyes are used in large quantities, they are applied in two part dyes. First part produced a pale yellow color when the second part uses a sulfur compound to produce dark shades of black. A German photo chemists, Hermann Wilhelm Vogel added dyes to a film that was only sensitive to blue and UV light, that allows the film to capture its color green, this was explored in 1873. In 1907 two French brothers had figured out how to get perfect color for the public called Autochrome. Now a day dyes are widely used in painting, the colors of cyan, yellow, magenta and black combine to form all the color visual that you see printed out.
     Tie Dyeing became very popular in the 1950's, but it has been around for many centuries. People used two different types of dye, natural dye from plants and store bought dye that was home man made with chemicals. Five thousand years ago dyes were in use, archeologist established that different types of stamps used for painting fabric in Mesopotamia and India.  In one thousand B.C., cloths that were used to wrap up mummies and etc. were found with dye on them in Egypt. Dying techniques possibly trekked through different trade routes from India to Egypt.
Processes of dyeing shirts.
First, get a plane white shirt of your size. Soak the shirt in a soda ash solution, this helps it keep its color. After soaking it for about 15 minutes take it out and squeeze as much of the solution out of the shirt.After squeezing the solution out lay your shirt flat on a table and fold how you want your design to be. 

 After folding how you want, dye the shirt with the colors you want. Be sure to get the dye in the creases of the shirt as well. Let the shirt sit how about six to eight hours, then wash it under cold water till the water runs clear. Put the shirt in the wash with cold water by its self, then put it in the dyer and you're done! :D

 

Candy Making

 Part 1:

http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/Hard-Rock-Candy/Detail.aspx?event8=1&prop24=SR_Thumb&e11=hard%20candy&e8=Quick%20Search&event10=1&e7=Recipe

Ingredients: 

1 cup of confectioners sugar

3 3/4 cup of white sugar

1 1/2 cups light corn syrup 

1 cup of water

2 teaspoons of flavor 

1 teaspoon of food coloring

    The purpose of the is lab is to learn about the solubility and
crystallization of sugar in water while also learning the process of candy making and applying chemistry to this process. The terms solution, solute, solvent, solubility, crystallization, concentration, and molarity will be important to know for this lab. A solution is a liquid mixture in which the the solute is distributed within the the solvent. The solute is the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. Solubility is the amount of a particular substance that is dissolving in a certain solution. Crystallization is the formation of crystals. Concentration is the mount of mass or volume of a solute to the mas or volume of the solution or solvent. Molarity is concentration measured by the number of moles of solute in a solution.

     Before making candy you first have to know a thing or two about
candy itself. Hard candy is made by heating sugar, water and corn syrup to at least 160 degrees, adding flavoring, and letting cool to a hard to solid candy form. Then you must learn a few important terms you will be working with in this lab. Solubility is the ability for a solute to dissolve
in a solvent. An example of this could be salt (NaCl) dissolving in water (H20). Solubility (your may know it better as dissolving,) is important in candy making so that the flavor or coloring is even
throughout all the candy. Crystallization happens when solid crystals form from a liquid and are deposited by a gas. Snowflakes are an easy example of this. If you look at a snow flake you an see tiny feathery ice crystals are frozen together, giving it its flake-ish shape. Concentration is the amount of a substance per defined space. For example, when you put a drop of dye in some water, you can see the water turn a pale shade of that color. But if you put several drops of
dye in the same amount of water, you can see a the water turn a more vivid shade of color. Another thing to know about is a solubility curve.

This photo shows that the solubility of sugar is a lot higher as the temperature goes up, the because the higher the temperature the more sugar will dissolve in the water. Solubility is important in candy making because in order to make candy, the sugar needs to dissolve in the water. If it does not dissolve in the water we will just get water and sugar, that wont taste very good. The sugar dissolves in water by the sucrose molecule breaking from the sugar crystals, then it is immediately surrounded bu water molecules. The sucrose molecule breaking from the sugar has a slight negative charge. The positive charge is the oxygen found in a water molecule, it attaches its self to the sugar.  As the water molecules from around the sugar molecules, the molecule is shielded from other sugar molecules so the sugar crystals doe not reform. The physical process in candy making is when the liquid candy's temperature goes down and it hardens. It does this because  there is no more water in the candy, it has all evaporated when it was being heated. The chemical process in making candy is when the water molecules bond to the sugar molecules.

Part 2:

Procedure: 

1. Roll the edges of two 16 inch square pieces of heavy duty aluminum foil. Sprinkle the foil very generously with confectioners' sugar.
2. In a large coffee can, combine the white sugar, corn syrup, and water. Heat over medium-high heat, stir constantly until sugar dissolves. Stop stirring, and boil until a candy thermometer reads 300 to 310 degrees F (149 to 154 degrees C). Remove from heat.
3. Stir in the flavoring and food coloring. Pour onto the prepared foil, and allow to cool and harden. Crack into pieces, then eat away.

Safety: 

-Goggles 

-Apron 

-Hair tied up

Observations:

• Temperature at which all the sucrose was dissolved-
• Temperature at which the solution boiled-
• Temperature at which you observed a large release of steam-
• Temperature at which the solution appeared to stall-

This is at a 250 F, the water and corn syrup are boiling. The corn syrup and sugar will dissolve more quickly when it boils.

 We added our flavoring(it was syrup flavoring) we put it in the boiling solution to help evaporate the water so when the solution cools down it will harden easier.

Heating the solution so every thing can dissolve faster and sturing it also helps the dissolving processes speed up.
















Part 3:

H bond example: oxygen particles are floating around, two hydrogen particles(they're negative) attach them selves to the oxygen(its positive). How they attach is that oxygen particles have 6 electrons(two on top, one on each side) and the hydrogen particles have one. Since the oxygen is missing two, the hydrogen bond the singe electrons on the oxygen.

An example of my candy making process is when the water boils it helps the dissolving go by faster, so the sugar dissolves in the water. The process is similar to the hydrogen bonds. The particles that are missing an electron bond, in order to bond one has to be a negative and the other has to be positive. Same goes for the corn syrup and the solution. They bond together where there is a missing electron.

An example of another substance is salt water.  It dissolves when the element in salt(sodium and chloride) bond with the water molecules. When it bonds with the water molecules it pulls it apart making it appear to be dissolved. If to much salt is added it wont all dissolve because all the water electrons are bonded to another electron.